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        <title type="main">John A. Gardner to John M. Johnson</title>
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      <date when="2025-11-11T20:10:51+00:00">November 11, 2025</date>
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            <repository>Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives</repository>
            <collection>Office of the Governor, Beriah Magoffin: Governor&#39;s Official Correspondence File, Military Correspondence, 1859-1862</collection>
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            <placeName>Weakley County, Tennessee</placeName>
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              <persName>John Milton Johnson, Sr. (Kentucky physician, scientist, writer, and surgeon (CSA))</persName>
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                    <p xml:id='OTPS32210702P0'>Kentucky physician, scientist, writer, and soldier. Livingston County, Kentucky, native. Son of James Johnson and Jane Leeper Johnson. Married to Elizabeth P. Eaver Johnson in 1830. Father of James L. Johnson, Antonia Johnson, Laura H. Johnson, Eliza T. Johnson, John M. Johnson, Jr, and Betty H. Johnson. Graduated from the Kentucky School of Medicine. Practiced medicine in various locations in western Kentucky from 1833 to 1856. Researched and published articles in medical journals on milk sickness from 1840 to 1845. Physician in Paducah in 1860. Served in the Confederate States Army as a surgeon and medical director from 1861 until the end of the war. He lived in Atlanta, Georgia, from 1862 until his death.
</p>

<p xml:id='OTPS32210702P1'>Relationships<lb/>
Social: <rs ref='#S32200594'>John Almus Gardner (Weakley County, Tennessee, attorney, politician, and railroad executive.)</rs><lb/>
Military: <rs ref='#S32200594'>John Almus Gardner (Weakley County, Tennessee, attorney, politician, and railroad executive.)</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32200594'>John Almus Gardner (Weakley County, Tennessee, attorney, politician, and railroad executive.)</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32201291'>Beriah Magoffin (Governor of Kentucky 1859-1862)</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32212523'>Isham Green Harris (Gov of Tennessee)</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32204387'>Lloyd Tilghman (Paducah, Kentucky, civil engineer and soldier)</rs><lb/>
Military: <rs ref='#S32207275'>[Unknown] Cobb (Captain, USA)</rs><lb/>
Social: <rs ref='#S32201291'>Beriah Magoffin (Governor of Kentucky 1859-1862)</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32211327'>George Twyman Wood (Hart County, Kentucky, court clerk and politician.)</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32211014'>Willis Benson Machen (Lyon County, KY, attorney, farmer, iron manufacturer, and politician (KY &amp; Confederate))</rs><lb/>
Military: <rs ref='#S32203228'>Benjamin Franklin Cheatham (Davidson County, Tennessee, farmer and Confederate general)</rs><lb/>
Social: <rs ref='#S32204387'>Lloyd Tilghman (Paducah, Kentucky, civil engineer and soldier)</rs><lb/>
Military: <rs ref='#S32207232'>Richard James Oglesby (Fourteenth governor of the State of Illinois, soldier, attorney, and politician.)</rs><lb/>
Military: <rs ref='#S32208412'>Confederate States of America</rs><lb/>
Economic: <rs ref='#S32202201'>Western Union Telegraph Company</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32202667'>Benjamin Hardy Stoval (Blandville, Ballard County, Kentucky, post master)</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32196956'>Wilson S. Watson (Blandville, Kentucky, saddler)</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32204676'>Provisional Council</rs><lb/>
Legal: <rs ref='#S32207272'>Felix Mion (McCracken County, KY, coffee house keeper and liquor dealer)</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32204255'>Committee on Banks</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32215130'>Provisional Government of Kentucky</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32210102'>James W. Tate ("Honest Dick" Asst. Sec of State 1859-1863)</rs><lb/>
Familial: <rs ref='#S32203749'>Albert Sidney Johnston (Commander Dept of Pacific, US Army and general &amp; commander western dept CSA)</rs>
</p>


                </note>
                  <bibl><hi rend='italic'>Seventh Manuscript Census of the United States</hi> (1850), Population Schedules, Kentucky, Crittenden County, District 2, p. 264B-265A.<lb/>

<hi rend='italic'>Eighth Manuscript Census of the United States</hi> (1860), Population Schedules, Kentucky, McCracken County, Paducah, District No. 2, p. 890.<lb/>

National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Lineage Book (NSDAR, vol. 118, 1915), 56.<lb/>

John Fiske and James Grant Wilson, ed., "John Milton Johnson," <hi rend='italic'>Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</hi>, vol. 3 (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1887), 445.<lb/>

William B. Atkinson, M. D., ed., <hi rend='italic'>The Physicians and Surgeons of the United States</hi> (Philadephia: Charles Robson, 1878), 589-90.<lb/>

Wallace P. Reed, ed., <hi rend='italic'>History of Atlanta, Georgia: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers</hi> (Syracuse: D. Mason &amp; Co., 1889), 313.</bibl>
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              <persName>John Almus Gardner (Weakley County, Tennessee, attorney, politician, and railroad executive.)</persName>
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                  <ab>1809-08-19</ab>
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                <event type="death" when="1892-01-05">
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                    <p xml:id='OTPS32200594P0'>Weakley County, Tennessee, attorney, politician, and railroad executive. Tennessee native. Married to Maria Terrell Gardner in 1828. Father of Ada Gardner, Laura A. Gardner, Algernon Colegate Gardner, Louisa M. Gardner, and Joseph O. Gardner. Married to Agnes H. Cowardin Gardner in 1850. Father of Almus H. Gardner, Ernest M. Gardner, Fanny B. Gardner, Percy W. Gardner, Colin Gardner, Wesley W. Gardner, and Jackey L. Gardner. Founded the West Tennesseean newspaper in Paris, Tennessee, in 1827. Opened law practice in Dresden, Tennessee, in 1829. Editor of The Jacksonian newspaper in 1838. Member of the Senate of the State of Tennessee from 1841 to 1847. Attorney in Weakley County in 1850. Established the Nashville &amp; Northwestern Railroad Company in 1852. President of the Nashville &amp; Northwestern Railroad Company in 1855. Attorney in Weakley County in 1860. Planter in Weakley County.
</p>

<p xml:id='OTPS32200594P1'>Relationships<lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32212523'>Isham Green Harris (Gov of Tennessee)</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32210702'>John Milton Johnson, Sr. (Kentucky physician, scientist, writer, and surgeon (CSA))</rs><lb/>
Social: <rs ref='#S32210702'>John Milton Johnson, Sr. (Kentucky physician, scientist, writer, and surgeon (CSA))</rs>
</p>


                </note>
                  <bibl><hi rend='italic'>Seventh Manuscript Census of the United States</hi> (1850), Population Schedules, Kentucky, Weakley County, Dresden, p. 484A. <hi rend='italic'>Eighth Manuscript Census of the United States</hi> (1860), Population Schedules, Kentucky, Weakley County, Civil District No 3, p. 6. <hi rend='italic'>Ninth Manuscript Census of the United States</hi> (1870), Population Schedules, Kentucky, Weakley County, Civil District No 3, p. 11.  James Alex Baggett, <hi rend='italic'>Homegrown Yankees: Tennessee's Union Cavalry in the Civil War</hi> (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009), 204. Virginia C. Vaughn, <hi rend='italic'>Tennessee County History Series: Weakley County</hi> (Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1983), 41. <hi rend='italic'>Find A Grave</hi>, "Col. John Almus Gardner, Jr., (1809-1892)," Memorial #80848411, <a href='http://www.findagrave.com/memorial/80848411/john-almus-gardner'>http://www.findagrave.com/memorial/80848411/john-almus-gardner</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</bibl>
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              <placeName>Weakley County, Tennessee</placeName>
                <idno>P00003914</idno>
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                    <p xml:id='OTPS32197654P0'>Seat at Dresden, Tennessee.
</p>


                </note>
                <geo>36.3429, -88.7081</geo>
                  <bibl>Virgina Clark Vaughen, "Weakley County," <hi rend='italic'>The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture,</hi> Published December 25, 2009, <a href='https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=1480,'>https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=1480,</a> (accessed on February 18, 2020).

<hi rend='italic'>USGS: Earth Explorer</hi>, "Weakley County, Tennessee," <a href='https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/'>https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/</a> (accessed on February 18, 2020).</bibl>
            </place>
            <place xml:id="S32212499">
              <placeName>Tennessee</placeName>
                <idno>P001001</idno>
                <note type="categorization">
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                    <p xml:id='OTPS32212499P0'>State in the southeastern United States. Capital at Nashville. Located on the Cumberland River.
</p>


                </note>
                <geo>35.5175, -86.5804</geo>
                  <bibl>Paul H. Bergeron, Stephen V. Ash, and Jeanette Keith, <hi rend='italic'>Tennesseans and Their History</hi> (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1999), 69.<lb/>

<hi rend='italic'>USGS: Earth Explorer</hi>, "Tennessee," <a href='https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/'>https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/</a> (accessed on August 14, 2019).</bibl>
            </place>
            <place xml:id="S32203472">
              <placeName>Paducah, Kentucky</placeName>
                <idno>P00001227</idno>
                <note type="categorization">
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                      <ptr ana="#category #leaf #root" target="#C32003819"/> Places
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                    <p xml:id='OTPS32203472P0'>Seat of McCracken County, Kentucky. Located on the Ohio River and the Tennessee River.
</p>


                </note>
                <geo>37.0834, -88.6</geo>
                  <bibl>John E. L. Robertson, "Paducah" in <hi rend='italic'>The Kentucky Encyclopedia</hi>, John E. Kleber, ed. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1992), 705-706.<lb/>

<hi rend='italic'>USGS: Earth Explorer</hi>, "Paducah, Kentucky," <a href='https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/'>https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/</a> (accessed on September 4, 2019).</bibl>
            </place>
            <place xml:id="S32213437">
              <placeName>Memphis, Tennessee</placeName>
                <idno>P001003</idno>
                <note type="categorization">
                  Categories:
                    <ab>
                      <ptr ana="#category #leaf #root" target="#C32003819"/> Places
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                <note type="article">
                    <p xml:id='OTPS32213437P0'>Seat of Shelby County, Tennessee. Located on the Mississippi River.
</p>


                </note>
                <geo>35.1495, -90.049</geo>
                  <bibl>John E. Harkins, "Memphis" in <hi rend='italic'>Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture</hi>, 2016, <a href='http://www.tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=889'>http://www.tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=889</a> (accessed July 19, 2016).

<hi rend='italic'>USGS: Earth Explorer</hi>, "Memphis, Tennessee" <a href='https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/'>https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/</a> (accessed on February 18, 2020).</bibl>
            </place>
            <place xml:id="S32206277">
              <placeName>Kentucky</placeName>
                <idno>P001800</idno>
                <note type="categorization">
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                    <ab>
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                    <p xml:id='OTPS32206277P0'>State in the upper south of the United States. Capital at Frankfort. Located on the Ohio River.
</p>


                </note>
                <geo>38.2009, -84.8733</geo>
                  <bibl>"Frankfort, Kentucky," USGS: Earth Explorer, accessed June 14, 2019, <a href='https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/.'>https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/.</a><lb/>

<hi rend='italic'>The Kentucky Encyclopedia</hi>, ed. John E. Kleber (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1992).</bibl>
            </place>
            <place xml:id="S32205882">
              <placeName>Union City, Tennessee</placeName>
                <idno>P00000899</idno>
                <note type="categorization">
                  Categories:
                    <ab>
                      <ptr ana="#category #leaf #root" target="#C32003819"/> Places
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                </note>
                <note type="article">
                    <p xml:id='OTPS32205882P0'>City in Obion County, Tennessee. Located along the Mississippi River.
</p>


                </note>
                <geo>36.4242, -89.057</geo>
                  <bibl>Nancy Capace, <hi rend='italic'>Encyclopedia of Tennessee</hi>, (Somerset Publishers, Inc., 2000), 226.

<hi rend='italic'>USGS: Earth Explorer</hi>, "Union City, Tennessee" <a href='https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/'>https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/</a> (accessed on February 18, 2020).</bibl>
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        </listPlace>
        <listOrg>
            <org xml:id="S32209346">
              <orgName>Government of the United States of America</orgName>
                <idno>O00002945</idno>
                <event type="begun"  when="1776-07-04">
                  <ab>1776-07-04</ab>
                </event>
 
                <note type="categorization">
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                <note type="article">
                    <p xml:id='OTPS32209346P0'>Administrative body of the United States of America. Comprised of the Legislative Branch, Judicial Branch, and Executive Branch. Capital at Washington, District of Columbia.
</p>

<p xml:id='OTPS32209346P1'>Relationships<lb/>
Military: <rs ref='#S32209713'>68th Regiment Kentucky Enrolled Militia</rs><lb/>
Economic: <rs ref='#S32209226'>Hiram Barney (New York attorney and customs collector)</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32205358'>Leonard B. Cox  (Fleming County, Kentucky, attorney and judge)</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32198926'>William Scott Botts (Fleming County, Kentucky, attorney and politician)</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32203167'>George Jackson (Bullitt County, Kentucky, laborer)</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32213771'>Hillary G. Jackson (Bullitt County, Kentucky, laborer &amp; private 26th KY Inf USA)</rs><lb/>
Legal: <rs ref='#S32200705'>William J. Wadlington (Caldwell County, Kentucky, farm laborer. )</rs><lb/>
Military: <rs ref='#S32209669'>Thornton Williams (Scott County, Kentucky, soldier. Formerly enslaved by Urias Offutt, accused of attempted murder.)</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32197195'>Urias M. Offutt (Scott County, Kentucky, farmer. and slaveholder.)</rs><lb/>
Military: <rs ref='#S32208012'>George W. Rasure (Floyd County, Indiana, resident and soldier.)</rs><lb/>
Military: <rs ref='#S32197024'>Amaziah "Samuel" Rasure (Washington County, Indiana, resident and soldier.)</rs><lb/>
Military: <rs ref='#S32208954'>David Rasure, Jr. (New Albany, Floyd County, Indiana, resident and soldier.)</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32200812'>Nelson Trusler (Connersville, Indiana, attorney, politician, and soldier)</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32202047'>Robert Alexander Dowell (Crittenden County, Kentucky, farmer)</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32206555'>Oliver P. Morton (Fourteenth governor of Indiana, attorney, judge, and politician.)</rs><lb/>
Political: <rs ref='#S32198573'>John Walter Rutherford (Crittenden County, Kentucky, barkeeper and merchant)</rs>
</p>


                </note>
                  <bibl>"America's Founding Documents," <a href='https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs'>https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs</a> (accessed on December 1, 2017).</bibl>
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  <body>
        <pb xml:id="F35085814" n="1" facs="https://fromthepage.com/images/uploaded/32208321/page_0001.jpg"/>
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          <p corresp='TTP35085814P0' xml:id='OTP35085814P0'><rs ref='#S32197654'>Weakley Co.</rs> <rs ref='#S32212499'>Tennessee</rs><lb/>
<date when='1861-06-01'>June 1<hi rend='underline'><hi rend='sup'>st</hi></hi> 1861</date>.<lb/>
<rs ref='#S32210702'>Dr. Jno. M. Johnson.</rs><lb/>
<rs ref='#S32203472'>Paducah, Ky.</rs><lb/>
Dear Sir.
</p>

<p corresp='TTP35085814P1' xml:id='OTP35085814P1'>On my return home, from <rs ref='#S32213437'>Memphis</rs>, yesterday evening, I found your favor of the <date when='1861-05-28'>28<hi rend='underline'><hi rend='sup'>th</hi></hi></date> awaiting me.
</p>

<p corresp='TTP35085814P2' xml:id='OTP35085814P2'>I regret that I was absent, and thus prevented from having a personal interview with you.
</p>

<p corresp='TTP35085814P3' xml:id='OTP35085814P3'>None of the public authorities of this State, either Civil or Military, so far as I know or believe, contemplate or intend to violate the neutrality of <rs ref='#S32206277'>Kentucky</rs>, as assumed and defined in the proclamation of your Executive, of the <date when='1861-05-19'>19<hi rend='underline'><hi rend='sup'>th</hi></hi></date> of last month. If that neutrality shall be respected by the <rs ref='#S32209346'>Federal authorities</rs> and troops, we can have no motive, on our part, to violate it. If, as a private citizen, I correctly understand the policy &amp; purposes of my State, they will be strictly <hi rend='underline'>defensive</hi>. Whilst we sincerely sympathize with our friends in <rs ref='#S32206277'>Kentucky</rs>, ^&amp;^ appreciate their embarrassing and perilous condition, and ardently desire to see their destiny united with ours, we have no disposition or wish to precipitate a crisis upon <hi rend='str'>you</hi>them, that might prove destructive to your domestic peace, and frustrate the policy of your State.
</p>


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          <p corresp='TTP35085815P1' xml:id='OTP35085815P1'>We have neither the means or desire to prevent the people of Kentucky, or any portion of them, from holding public meetings, and indicating the line of policy, which, in their judgement, will best promote their own security -- but we may decline any alliance with a fraction of her citizens, calculated to imperil her general safety, and to lead, in any possible contingincy, to her dismemberment. No policy, having a tendency to produce the one, or the other of these effects, has met with favor or countenance, with the public authorities of this State, or with myself, as a private citizen.
</p>

<p corresp='TTP35085815P2' xml:id='OTP35085815P2'>Should the position of neutrality assumed by Kentucky be violated, (as I apprehend it will be very soon) by the Federal authorities, and Northern troops marched upon your soil, what new line of policy, with a view to her own protection, and best to enable us to repel any invasion of our territory, the happening of this contingency, may superinduce on the part of our State, I am unable to <hi rend='str'>state</hi> say. We must look to the best means of defense to our own State, and of the Confederate States, with which we are allied. These, however, are remote questions, concerning events in the future, which may, or many not transpire, and in respect to which
</p>


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          <p corresp='TTP35085816P0' xml:id='OTP35085816P0'>my individual opinions are of no consideration, whatever.
</p>

<p corresp='TTP35085816P1' xml:id='OTP35085816P1'>Our military encampment at <rs ref='#S32205882'>Union City</rs>, where, within a week, I presume we shall have 10.000 armed troops, is not intended to menace or violate the neutrality of Ky, but simply to repel invasion from our own State.
</p>

<p corresp='TTP35085816P2' xml:id='OTP35085816P2'>In conclusion I will state, as the sincere conviction of my mind, that your Executive need have no apprehension that either Tennessee, or the Confederate States, will be the <hi rend='underline'>first</hi> to violate the neutrality of your patriotic and gallant Commonwealth.
</p>

<p corresp='TTP35085816P3' xml:id='OTP35085816P3'>With assurances of high regard<lb/>
I have the honor to be,<lb/>
Very Respectfully,<lb/>
Your Obt. Servant<lb/>
<rs ref='#S32200594'>Jno. A Gardner</rs>
</p>


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